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- <text id=91TT0378>
- <title>
- Feb. 18, 1991: Dodging Friendly Fire
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Feb. 18, 1991 The War Comes Home
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- THE GULF WAR, Page 24
- Dodging Friendly Fire
- </hdr><body>
- <p> Iraqi tanks perched on the north side of a sand ridge near
- the Saudi-Kuwait border were firing at a company of U.S.
- Marines on the south side. The Marines were returning fire with
- TOW antitank missiles. Overhead, a U.S. Air Force A-10
- Thunderbolt swooped toward one of the Iraqi tanks and released
- a heat-seeking Maverick missile.
- </p>
- <p> But instead of flying straight for the target, the missile
- was diverted by the hot exhaust of a Marine light armored
- vehicle that stood between the U.S. plane and the Iraqi tank.
- The Maverick smacked into the left rear side of the LAV,
- blowing up the vehicle and killing all seven Marines inside.
- </p>
- <p> The tragic exchange was one of the first engagements of the
- ground war, an opening volley in the 36-hour battle of Khafji.
- It also represents this war's first documented case of U.S.
- casualties from "friendly fire"--a combat euphemism for
- troops' getting shot, shelled or bombed by their own side.
- </p>
- <p> Friendly fire bedevils every war. Many World War II veterans
- recall running for foxholes whenever U.S. planes approached.
- In one of the worst cases on record, the Eighth U.S. Army Air
- Force bungled the bombing of enemy lines shortly after D-day
- in Normandy. Their explosives hit the Army's VII Corps, killing
- more than 100 soldiers and wounding 500. As in other such
- incidents, the G.I.s on the ground tried to defend themselves
- by firing back at their own planes.
- </p>
- <p> The U.S. armed services have developed elaborate--albeit
- imperfect--systems to avoid friendly fire. To prevent mishaps
- like the one near Khafji, Marine air-support planes carry
- laser-guided versions of the Maverick missile that must be
- guided to their targets by the pilot. Though not as smart as
- the infrared models favored by the U.S. Air Force, which can
- be fired and left to track the target on their own, the
- laser-guided Mavericks are less likely to mistake a friend for
- a foe.
- </p>
- <p> Warships and attack planes carry electronic ID systems, like
- the IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) radio transponders that
- are standard equipment on military and civilian aircraft. A
- missile battery equipped with IFF can "interrogate" an aircraft
- by beaming a radio signal at it and listening to the answering
- squawk. But the system is not foolproof. In the 1973
- Arab-Israeli war, Arab batteries fired 2,100 antiaircraft
- missiles and destroyed 85 aircraft--45 of them Arab, 40
- Israeli.
- </p>
- <p> Since IFF transponders are impractical for ground forces,
- aircraft flying close support stay in constant radio contact
- with forward air controllers, whose job it is to track the
- shifting battle lines and point out enemy targets. Before an
- attack plane can launch its missiles at a Iraqi tank, an FAC
- must identify the target, declare that particular plane "hot"
- and switch on the targeting authority on the plane's computer.
- "The complexity is that you've got human beings in the chain,"
- says Army spokesman Major Peter Keating. "And at night, when
- everybody's moving and talking on the radio, there's no
- guarantee that everyone's in the right place at the right time."
- </p>
- <p> No one knows that better than General Norman Schwarzkopf.
- Not only was he once bombed by U.S. B-52s in Vietnam, but he
- was the commanding officer of a young Iowa farm boy, Michael
- Mullen, whose death by U.S. shelling became the subject of
- C.D.B. Bryan's 1976 best seller, Friendly Fire.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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